¿Encefalopatía o encefalitis por varicela-zóster? Una paciente con una punción lumbar engañosa / ENCEPHALOPATHY OR VARICELLA-ZOSTER ENCEPHALITIS? A PATIENT WITH A TRICKY LUMBAR PUNCTURE

La encefalopatía es un cuadro clínico característico de múltiples procesos neurológicos y sistémicos que no hay que confundir con la encefalitis, que es una inflamación cerebral, normalmente causadas por infecciones virales. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 58 años con enfermedad renal crónica en diálisis peritoneal, que ingresa por sepsis de origen peritoneal con clínica de encefalopatía y crisis epilépticas parciales. La paciente presenta lesiones de herpes zóster en zona lumbar y se practica punción lumbar, con resultado del líquido cefalorraquídeo positivo para virus varicela-zóster, por lo que completa tratamiento con aciclovir. En la resonancia magnética no presenta ninguna alteración, y una segunda punción lumbar tras mejoría de las lesiones cutáneas es negativa. El curso de la paciente es fluctuante durante el ingreso, con mejoría significativa tras antibióticos, hemodiálisis y tratamiento antiepiléptico, y no respondiendo al aciclovir. La etiología sospechada es la debida al contexto infeccioso y metabólico de la paciente. Probablemente el resultado del líquido fue contaminado por la proximidad de las lesiones herpéticas, ya que además no es frecuente encontrar encefalitis infecciosas agudas sin alteraciones en las pruebas de imagen. La mejoría final fue debida tanto a la medicación antiepiléptica como al inicio de hemodiálisis

Encefalopathy is a clinical syndrome ocurring in multiple neurologic and systemic diseases which must not be mistaken with encephalitis, that is a cerebral inflammatory process, often caused by viral infections. We present the case of a 58-year-old woman with chronic renal failure receiving peritoneal dyalisis, who was admitted into hospital for sepsis secondary to infectious peritonitis, with encefalopathy and epileptic partial seizures. The patient presented lumbar herpetic cutaneous lesions and a lumbar punction is practiced, with a positive result in the cerebrospinal fluid for varicella-zoster virus. Treatment with aciclovir was completed. Her cerebral magnetic resonance was absolutely normal, and a second lumbar puncture when herpetic lesions got better was negative. The course is fluctuating during the stay, and a significant clinical improvement occurs after antibiotics, hemodyalisis and antiepileptic treatment. The patient did not respond to aciclovir. The suspected ethiology is the infectious and metabolic context. Positivity for the virus is thought to be a contamination from the nearby herpetic lesions. Also, it is rare for an infectious acute encephalitis to present with normal radiologic imaging. The final clinical improvement was probably due to hemodyalisis initiation and the antiepileptic treatment.

Encefalopatias: etiologia, fisiopatologia e manuseio clínico de algumas das principais formas de apresentação da doença / Encephalopathies: etiology, pathophysiology, and clinical management of some major forms of disease presentation

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: As encefalopatias compõem um grupo heterogêneo de etiologias, onde a pronta e correta atuação médica direcionada à causa da doença, pode modificar o prognóstico do paciente. O objetivo deste estudo foi rever os aspectos fisiopatológicos das diferentes encefalopatias bem como seus principais fatores desencadeantes e manuseio clínico.CONTEÚDO: Foram selecionadas as mais frequentes encefalopatias observadas na prática clínica e discutir sua fisiopatologia, bem como sua abordagem terapêutica, destacando: encefalopatia hipertensiva, hipóxico-isquêmica, metabólica, Wernicke-Korsakoff, traumática e tóxica.CONCLUSÃO: Trata-se de uma complexa condição clínica que exige rápida identificação e preciso manuseio clínico com o intuito de reduzir sua elevada taxa de morbimortalidade. O atraso no reconhecimento dessa condição clínica poderá ser extremamente prejudicial ao paciente que estará sofrendo lesão cerebral muitas vezes irreversível.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Encephalopathies comprise a heterogeneous group of clinical conditions, in which the prompt and adequate medical intervention can modify patient prognosis. This paper aims to discuss the pathophysiological aspects of different encephalopathies, their etiology, and clinical management.CONTENTS: We selected the main encephalopathies observed in clinical practice, such as hypertensive, hypoxic-ischemic, metabolic, Wernicke-Korsakoff, traumatic, and toxic encephalopathies, and to discuss their therapeutic approaches.CONCLUSION: This is a complex clinical condition that requires rapid identification and accurate clinical management with the aim of reducing its high morbidity and mortality rates. Delay in recognizing this condition can be extremely harmful to the patient who is suffering from often irreversible brain injury.

Uremic Encephalopathy with Atypical Magnetic Resonance Features on Diffusion-Weighted Images

Uremic encephalopathy is a well-known disease with typical MR findings including bilateral vasogenic or cytotoxic edema at the cerebral cortex or basal ganglia. Involvement of the basal ganglia has been very rarely reported, typically occurring in uremic-diabetic patients. We recently treated a patient who had non-diabetic uremic encephalopathy with an atypical lesion distribution involving the supratentorial white matter, without cortical or basal ganglia involvement. To the best of our knowledge, this is only the second reported case of non-diabetic uremic encephalopathy with atypical MR findings.

Hyponatremia and brain injury: absence of alterations of serum brain natriuretic peptide and vasopressin / Hiponatremia e traumatismo cranioencefálico: ausência de alteração sanguínea do peptídeo natriurético cerebral e hormônio antidiurético

OBJECTIVE: To study any possible relation between hyponatremia following brain injury and the presence of cerebral salt-wasting syndrome (CSWS) or the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), and if vasopressin, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and aldosterone have a role in its mechanism. METHOD: Patients with brain injury admitted to the intensive care unit were included and had their BNP, aldosterone and vasopressin levels dosed on day 7. RESULTS: Twenty six adult patients were included in the study. Nine (34.6 percent) had hyponatremia and presented with a negative water balance and higher values of urinary sodium, serum potassium and diuresis than patients with normonatremia. The serum levels of BNP, aldosterone, and vasopressin were normal and no relation was observed between plasma sodium and BNP, aldosterone or vasopressin. CONCLUSION: The most likely cause of hyponatremia was CSWS and there was no correlation between BNP, aldosterone and vasopressin with serum sodium level.

OBJETIVO: Estudar a possível relação entre a hiponatremia seguindo traumatismo cranioencefálico e a presença da síndrome cerebral perdedora de sal (SCPS) ou a síndrome da secreção inapropriada do hormônio antidiurético (SSIHAD), e se a vasopressina, peptídeo natriurético cerebral (BNP) e aldosterona têm um papel nesse mecanismo. MÉTODO: Foram incluídos pacientes com traumatismo cranioencefálico admitidos na unidade de terapia intensiva e foram dosados no sétimo dia seguindo o trauma, BNP, aldosterona e vasopressina. RESULTADOS: Vinte e seis pacientes foram incluídos no estudo. Nove (34,6 por cento) tiveram hiponatremia e apresentaram um balanço hídrico mais negativo e altos valores de sódio urinário, potássio sérico e diurese quando comparados com o grupo que apresentou normonatremia. Os níveis séricos de BNP, aldosterona e vasopressina foram normais e não foi observada relação entre o sódio sérico e BNP, aldosterona e vasopressina. CONCLUSÃO: A causa mais provável da hiponatremia foi a SCPS e não houve correlação entre BNP, aldosterona e vasopressina com o nível sérico de sódio.

Encefalopatía inducida por ácido valproico / Encephalopathy induced by valproico acid

El ácido valproico es una droga de creciente uso para el tratamiento de las convulsiones, desórdenes conductales, enfermedades psiquiátricas y migrañas. Como efecto adverso poco frecuente puede desarrollar encefalopatía debido a hiperamoniemia.Esta reacción es frecuentemente observada en niños y en pacientes con factores de riesgo. Casos de encefalopatía hiperamoniémica sin disfunción hepática debido a ácido valproico se han descripto en adultos luego de tomas adecuadas o excesicas de la droga. Este trastorno es más común cuando se asocia a fenobarbital, fenitoína o carbamecepina, siendo infrecuente cuando el valproato es usado como monoterapia. Las complicaciones a nivel del SNC tiene la desventaja de no estar relacionads con la dosis, lo que hace dificil su predicción. La naturaleza y severidad de dicha disfunción depende de la causa, el grado de hiperamoniemia, su forma de inicio y la edad del paciente. Los signos típicos son el comienzo agudo del deterioro de la conciencia con confusión y letargia. Este es un trastorno reversible pero sin tratamiento puede ocasionar daño cerebral permanente y deterioro congnitivo severo. Por ello es necesario monitorear cercanamente el tratamiento con el anticonvulsivante y detectar individuos con alto riesgo de desarrollar como por valproato. Hay medidas preventivas y en pacientes gravemente enfermos la terapéutica incluye depuración dialítica.

Epilepsy in a young adult caused by L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria: a case report

To report the importance of a rare organic acid metabolic disorder, L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria, and its characteristic neuroimaging cerebral white matter abnormalities in a case of epilepsy. A 19-year-old male presented with an 11-year history consisting of school failures, intellectual deterioration and generalized tonic-clonic convulsions. Neurological examination showed mental subnormality, mild dysarthria and bilateral pyramidal signs. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] of the brain showed characteristic white matter lesions, suggestive of L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. The diagnosis of this disease was confirmed by elevated urinary concentrations of L-2-hydroxyglutaric acid. The epilepsy was partially controlled with antiepileptic drugs. This report indicates the importance of routine examination of urinary organic acids in children and young adults presenting with chronic encephalopathy and epilepsy with characteristic MRI white matter lesions. L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria should be considered as one of the differential diagnoses of epilepsy

Lentidão cognitiva e psicomotora em hemodialisados crônicos / Cognitive and psychomotor slowing in chronic hemodialysis patients

FUNDAMENTOS: A encefalopatia urêmica subclínica pode levar a comprometimento ocupacional de difícil diagnóstico por requerer o emprego de medidas sensíveis. PROPOSITO: Testar as hipóteses de que (1) pacientes em hemodiálise crônica (HDC) se saem pior do que controles normais em uma bateria de desempenho, (2) um dia extra de uremia comprometeria ainda mais o comprometimento neuropsicológico desses pacientes, e (3) a uremia dificultaria a melhora do desempenho em uma segunda sessão de testes. MÉTODO: A agilidade cognitiva e motora de 28 pacientes em HDC foi avaliada com os testes de Trilhas (A e B), Algarismos e Símbolos, e Stroop. RESULTADOS: (1a) o desempenho cognitivo e motor se encontravam mais lento nos pacientes, (2a) um dia a mais de uremia comprometeu o desempenho na Parte B do Teste de Trilhas, e (3a) pacientes em HDC apresentaram redução da capacidade de aprender novos procedimentos. CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes em HDC podem apresentar uma "encefalopatia subclínica" cuja detecção pode requerer a aplicação de testes sensíveis. A agilidade mental e motora, e a capacidade de aprender novas rotinas estão comprometidas em, pelo menos, alguns pacientes em HDC com cognição global normal.

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of "subclinical uremic encephalopathy" may need the administration of sensitive tests. PURPOSE: To test the hypotheses that (1) patients on chronic hemodialysis (CHD) fare worse than normal controls on a brief performance battery, (2) one extra-day of uremia further jeopardizes the neuropsychological performance of CHD patients, and (3) uremia impairs improvement on a second testing session. METHOD: The cognitive and motor agility of 28 patients on CHD were assessed with the Trails A and B, Digit Symbol, and Stroop tests. RESULTS: (1a) cognitive and psychomotor performance were slowed in patients, (2a) one extra-day of uremia impaired performance further on Trail Making B, and (3a) CHD patients had a decreased ability to learn novel procedures even in the short-term. CONCLUSION: CHD patients may present with a "subclinical encephalopathy" whose detection may require the administration of sensible tests. Mental and motor agility, and the ability to learn new routines are impaired in at least some CHD patients with a normal global cognitive state.

Encephalopathy in type I hyperlipidemia.

Familial chylomicronemia syndrome is a group of rare genetic disorders characterized by deficient activity of an enzyme lipoprotein lipase or apo-protein C-II deficiency. In this paper we present an infant with massive hyperchylomicronemia and severe pancreatitis. Exchange transfusion for controlling hypertriglyceridemia and pancreatitis led to an increase in hyperviscosity which resulted in encephalopathy.

Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) -- an Indian perspective.

The inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) constitute a diverse heterogeneous group of disorders with protean clinical manifestations presenting mainly in the pediatric population. Though individually rare, together they constitute a significant percentage of children seen in genetic and neurology clinics. This review focuses on selected IEMs and highlights those seen in the neonatal period. Data from Indian centers are presented. It also emphasizes principles of management in these difficult disorders in the context of a developing country.

Urea cycle disorders in Thai infants: a report of 5 cases.

Urea Cycle Disorders (UCD) is an inborn error of urea synthesis in which ammonium and other nitrogenous precursors of urea accumulate leading to episodic coma and a high mortality rate. Therapy with peritoneal dialysis, essential amino acids or their nitrogen-free analogues has increased survival. The authors report 5 cases of urea cycle disorders, all of whom developed and were rescued from hyperammonemic coma. However, the eventual outcome was quite variable. Argininosuccinate lyase deficiency (ALD) Case 1. A 2 month old male infant, a product of a consanguineous marriage (Suphanburi province); developed poor feeding on day 7, lethargy, convulsion, hepatomegaly and respiratory alkalosis leading to respiratory failure and coma. Hyperammonemia, elevation of glutamic acid and argininosuccinic acid and its anhydrides confirmed the diagnosis of ALD. He is now 9 years old and severely retarded. Case 2. A male infant with history of lethargy, poor feeding on day 3, treated as sepsis and required respiratory support for 6 days; subsequently readmitted at age 2 weeks with vomitting, lethargy, seizure activity and hyperammonemia, and was treated by a local pediatrician in Songkhla province. There was a history of parental consanguinity and he was referred to Siriraj Hospital on day 64 with severe essential amino acid deficiency and acrodermatitis enteropathica with markedly elevated plasma citrulline level. In spite of aggressive treatment; the patient developed sepsis and he expired on day 78. Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTC) Case 3. An eleven-month-old male infant, the product of a non-consanguineous marriage, developed neonatal onset of hyperammonemia on day 5 after poor feeding, lethargy, hypothermia, seizure, apnea and coma. He was rescued from neonatal hyperammonemic coma on day 9 after aggressive treatment, but expired at eleven months of age after overwhelming sepsis. Case 4. A male infant, sibling of case 3 was referred to Siriraj Hospital on day 8 with hyperammonemia and coma. In spite of intensive genetic counseling given after the birth of their first child with OTC, the couple chose to have another baby without informing any physician. The baby developed vomiting and lethargy on day 2; subsequently hyperammonemia was noted. In spite of aggressive treatment given; hepatic dysfunction, renal failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation defects occurred on day 15. He expired on day 18 after parental permission for discontinuation of all treatment. Argininosuccinate synthetase deficiency (ASS) or Citrullinemia. Case 5. A seven week old female infant, the product of a consanguineous marriage and of Pakistani ethnic origin; developed intermittent vomiting from day 6. Initial diagnoses included ruminations, sepsis and pyloric stenosis for which she was operated on (day 30); however, vomiting continued; subsequently seizures, hyperammonemic coma developed and she was rescued from hyperammonemic coma within 30 hours. Significant elevations of citrulline and L-glutamine were demonstrated. She was discharged in excellent condition to her home in Dubai, the United Arab Emirates.

Encephalopathy in a patient with Addison disease.

Patients with adrenal insufficiency manifest a myriad of metabolic disorders which can inflict neurologic damage. Here we present an unusual clinical presentation and distinctive imaging features in a patient with Addison disease.

Hallazgos neurorradiológicos en aminoaciduria glutárica tipo I: informe de dos casos / Neuroradiologic findings in glutaric aminoaciduria type I

Se informan los hallazgos neurradiológicos de dos pacientes pediátricos con aminoaciduria glutárica tipo I (AG-I), a quienes se les realizó tomografía de cabeza y, sólo a uno, estudio de imagen de resonancia magnética. El diagnóstico bioquímico se llevo a cabo mediante la medición de ácido glutártico libre en orina, así como por cromatografía de gas para determinar la actividad enzimática del glutaril Co-A deshidrogenasa en los leucocitos. El retardo en la mielinización, con su consecuente disminución generalizada de la sustancia blanca, es característico de varias enfermedades metabólicas; las evidencias de las alteraciones de disgénesis cerebral se obtienen básicamente mediante estudios de neuroimagen. Se debe sospechar una probable enfermedad hereditaria del metabolismo como AG-I cuando se tenga un paciente pediátrico con retraso psicomotor, alteraciones motoras extrapiramidales o macrocrania, en el cual se obtengan los siguientes hallazgos neurorradiológicos: atrofia bilateral de la fosa temporal asociada con áreas hipodensas difusas en la sustancia blanca, ligera atrofia o pérdida del volumen de los ganglios basales, hipoplasia del vermis del cerebelo y ocasionalmente colección subdural de líquido.

Encefalopatia mitocondrial / Mitochondrial encephapathy

Os autores relatam o caso de um paciente de 13 anos com sinais de comprometimento do sistema extrapiramidal e da musculatura estriada. O exame histopatológico muscular com histoquímica (DHS) e a microscopia eletrônica comprovaram a existência de alteraçöes mitocondrias quantitativas e qualitativas